Author(s)

Hujing Hu, Fengqiao Liu

Corresponding Author

Hujing Hu

Abstract

Extra-curricular private tutoring is also known as shadow education academically. This paper reviews policies of shadow education in China since the launch of its reform and opening-up policy, which has undergone the evolution from rise to development, then from over-marketization to standardized regulation, and analyses the current development status and existing problems of shadow education in China. Future suggestions in the long-term are proposed to shadow education development problems.

Keywords

Shadow Education; Extra-curricular Private Training; Policies; Suggestions